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The Origins of the First World War (New Approaches to European History), by William Mulligan
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Providing a new interpretation of the origins of the First World War, this textbook synthesises recent scholarship and introduces the major historiographical and political debates surrounding the outbreak of the war. William Mulligan argues that the war was a far from inevitable outcome of international politics in the early twentieth century and suggests instead that there were powerful forces operating in favour of the maintenance of peace. His fresh perspective on the pre-war international system takes account of new approaches to the study of international politics since the end of the Cold War and the acceleration of globalisation. Thematic chapters examine key issues, including the military, public opinion, economics, diplomacy and geopolitics, and analyse relations between the great powers, the role of smaller states, the disintegrating empires and the July crisis. This compelling account will significantly revise our understanding of diplomacy, political culture, and economic history from 1870 to 1914.
- Sales Rank: #1244478 in Books
- Published on: 2010-04-12
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 8.98" h x .51" w x 5.98" l, .90 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 265 pages
Review
"Excellent book ... teems with compelling insights and arresting arguments." -Australian Literary Review, Jeffrey Grey
"This is a cogent, finely presented reinterpretation of the origins of the Great War drawing on a large amount of recent scholarship." -Len Shurtleff, Stand To!, The Journal of the Western Front Association
"One must congratulate the author for this excellent work." -Anatol Schmied-Kowarzik, H-Net
"In this refreshing study, Mulligan reevaluates the era after 1871, emphasizing the Great Powers' peaceful coexistence during a long period of strategic balance. Recommended." -Choice
About the Author
William Mulligan is a lecturer in the School of History and Archives, University College Dublin. He is the author of The Creation of the Modern German Army (2005).
Most helpful customer reviews
7 of 7 people found the following review helpful.
"Who" or "What" Caused World War One?
By Ronald H. Clark
Much ink has been spilled over the last 90 years or so as historians continue to disagree among themselves as to who or what caused the first war. For as long as I can recall, say 40 years, historians tended to point the finger at individuals (usally Kaiser Bill) or a group (most often, the German general staff) as the instigators of the war. More recently, historians have begun to focus on "causes" and "conditions" rather than individuals as causative factors. This book is of the later school, and the author begins his analysis decades before 1914 and Franz Ferdinand's assassination, to look at economic factors, geopolitical developments, the military, and a whole bunch of other conditions that he believes contributed to the environment within which the war could break out. At a minimum, the reader learns simply how complicated the whole issue is.
The first chapter helpfully summarizes how different historians have approached the issue. Historial views have been shaped, at least in part, by the then current political conditions--for example, during the Cold War German culpability was less stressed. The second chapter covers why there was no general war between 1871 (the end of the Franco-Prussian war) and 1914. Here the author looks at every crisis that occurred during this period, the role of alliances and how multilateral restraints kept a lid on things. He concludes that during this period there were no vital national interests at stake in any of these disputes, and hence they did not lead to world war. The third chapter deals with the impact of military technology, strategic planning, arms races, diplomacy and civilian-military relations within key countries. The usurge in Russian military power during this period, the author argues, was a crucial factor in exacerbating tensions.
Other chapters are devoted to further important considerations, such as the role of public opinion, and changes in the world economy (which encouraged peaceful resolution of disputes due to enhanced trading and financial interconnections). A very important chapter is devoted to a superior discussion of the July 1914 crisis that grew into the start of the war. The author concludes that the will to maintain peace had just broken down, and war had no longer become the worst possible option. A conclusion wraps things up and draws out some important themes.
This is a book I think for knowledgeable students of international politics and the history of the period, not novices. At times, the author is so inclusive that the tusami of facts and arguments can benumb the reader. The author is nothing if not thorough and all-inclusive in his analysis. The book runs about 250 pages, including a helpful 13 page bibliography and index. Praise the lord, the footnotes are where they belong...at the base of the page. This is an ideal book for those who are really, really interested in this issue, by a remarkable Irish scholar.
3 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
An excellent scholarly treatment of the topic
By Victor Torres
The Origins of the First World War by William Mulligan is a great addition to the hundred-year-old debate on the causes of this conflict. However, it must be warned that it is not meant for the casual reader but for someone who is fairly acquainted with European History between 1871 and 1914. The author has managed to summarize a complex topic in a couple hundred pages but that means there are several characters and events that are not properly introduced. For instance Alfred von Kiderlen-Waechter, a central figure in the German Foreign Office is first mentioned as follows: "Kiderlen hoped for more intimate and closer relations between Russia and Germany..." (p. 69). With no mention of who he was and what he did the average reader might need to keep Wikipedia at hand so as to avoid getting lost.
With this caveat in mind I think this book is a great way to immerse oneself into this complex topic. The first chapter, which is also the Introduction, is a 20-page review of the different explanations given to the war from the colored books printed by each government in 1914 to the latest debates between the different variants of systemic (the structure of European relations led to war) and intentionalist (the actions of individual or collective actors led to war) explanations. I found this section to be a pretty useful to keep up to date with the copious bibliography about the causes of the war. Against the backdrop of this debate, Mulligan explains that in his opinion it is wrong to study the 1871-1914 period just to find the causes of the war when the truly remarkable event of these years is that the great powers managed to keep peace.
The next four chapters are intended to prove this hypothesis, each analyzes a particular aspect of great power relations between 1871 and 1914. Chapter 2 deals with international politics, Chapter 3 with military affairs, Chapter 4 with public opinion and Chapter 5 with economic issues. The attention devoted to each of these themes is somewhat unbalanced, Chapter 2 is the largest with some 70 pages while Chapter 5 is the smallest with 30. The size of the chapters can give you an idea of where the crux of the argument rests. Chapter 2 makes a compelling case for viewing the alliance system as a force for peace as conflicting countries were quite often restrained by their allies to avoid the risk of a general war. What went wrong then? According to Mulligan, by 1914, Berlin, Moscow and Vienna had decided to be more assertive in defense of what they viewed as their vital interests even if that meant risking war. Chapter 3 argues that the 1911-1914 arms race increased the likelihood of war but that there were no military leaders powerful enough to unleash war by themselves in any given country. Chapter 4 explains how public opinion was increasingly a force to be reckoned with but mostly for peace as Europeans did not want to go to war unless forced to by external aggression. Chapter 5 states that economic rivalries did not influence politics and that while businessmen in general preferred peace to war they were not powerful enough to stop the latter.
There are two more chapters, Chapter 6, a 20-page summary of the crisis of July 1914, and Chapter 7, a forceful conclusion for the book. All in all a solid analysis of the different factors that contributed to keep peace for over forty years and how they had weakened prior to the July crisis. My only criticism to the book is that it does not deal with the possibility that internal unrest might have encouraged governments to resort to aggressive nationalism as a diversion. This hypothesis was raised by Fritz Fischer for the German case and, given the multitude of internal problems faced by the great powers (for instance, Irish unrest in Britain and electoral success of the SPD in Germany) deserves some attention. Otherwise a highly recommended book for those interested in the scholarship of the causes of the First World War.
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
An open minded,broad and intelligent approach
By D.V. KOKKINOS
In the great,ongoing,debate about the origins of the war,W.Mulligan offers a fresh deep look without bias.
"By privileging the war as the logical culmination of international politics before 1914,the history of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries has become framed in a narrative that stresses the increased tensions,confrontations and crises between the Great Powers.Until recently,characteristics of the international system that did not fit in this narrative scheme were marginal in historical accounts"
This paragraph ,copied from the long and excellent introduction of Mulligan to his book describes best the author's approach to the subject.
In a historiography cluttered by the opinionated positioning of various historians that adhere to this or that dogma with emphasis on guilt assignation,Mulligan's work is a breath of fresh air because he does not consider,a priori,that the war was bound to happen.
His is a thematic approach examining the geopolitics of the era after 1871 until 1914,the military parameters,the emergence of Public Opinion,the World Economy and finally the events of July 1914.
Throughout his meticulously researched and very well written essays on the above subjects he works as a true Historian examining and evaluating a lot of events and data and deducting few and carefully considered conclusions.
He does not avoid conclusions but his main thesis is that in a few years preceding the war the war became probable instead of just possible but not necessarily unavoidable and he indicates where the major responsibility lies without being absolute about it,because he recognizes that this complex matter of National interests real and perceived and international interacting relations cannot be simplified to an assignment of guilt to just one Nation or just one person because doing so is polemics not history.
The book is brief which is a blessing for this subject but as a result does not go very deeply into French ,Russian and GB politics where the degree of responsibility has not adequately been examined.
It is an excellent contribution to the further and deeper understanding of this complex event which is of seminal importance and affects our lives today,a hundred years later.
DVK
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